华东植物区系芒属植物的表型遗传多样性研究

为研究芒草在其重叠分布区内表型性状的遗传多样性,以来自于华东植物区系内的36份芒、五节芒、荻和南荻为材料,对8种表型性状进行多因素方差分析、变异分析和聚类分析。结果表明:8种表型性状种间差异大小依次为分蘖数、基部直径、干物质产量、花序长、株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、叶长宽比,在种内除最大叶宽与叶长宽比呈显著差异(P0.05)外,其余6种表型均呈极显著差异(P0.01),且8种表型性状在种间和种内存在极显著互作效应;该区系内芒属植物表型变异系数为7.94%～76.80%,Shannon's指数为1.27～1.78,芒草表型变异系数大小依次为芒(26.16%)、南荻(25.46%)、荻(24.49%)、五节芒(17.17%),Shannon's指数大小依次为芒(1.74)、南荻(1.70)、五节芒(1.68)、荻(1.60);4种芒属植物在欧式距离为20时可分为3类,荻为第Ⅰ类,芒和五节芒为第Ⅱ类,南荻为第Ⅲ类;在华东植物区系内,芒的株高与纬度呈极显著负相关,芒的干物质产量与海拔高度呈显著正相关,荻的干物质产量、分蘖数和基部直径与纬度呈显著或极显著负相关,而南荻与五节芒的产量因子表型与地理因子间则无显著相关性。     

拔节期水分胁迫对荻生长和生物质特性的影响

用盆栽土培法研究了土壤水分胁迫对拔节期荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus(Maxim.)Benth.)生长和生物质特性的影响.结果表明:土壤水分条件对荻的生长影响显著,严重胁迫(土壤相对含水量(RWC)为40%)对荻生物量的抑制作用明显强于轻度胁迫(RWC60%),而轻度胁迫与充分供水(RWC80%)处理间差异不显著;随着水分胁迫强度的增加,荻地下部分生物量比例逐渐增加,从而使根冠比显著增加;土壤水分条件对荻的生物质特性影响显著,随着土壤含水量的下降,荻茎叶中挥发分含量逐渐下降,而灰分含量逐渐增加;茎、叶中的钾、氯与土壤含水量呈负相关,而硫、硅与土壤含水量呈正相关.     

Biomass yield and energy balance of three perennial crops for energy use in the semi-arid Mediterranean environment

Three different lignocellulosic energy crops (a local clone of Arundo donax L., Miscanthus x giganteus Greef et Deu. and Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis D.C. cv. “Cardo gigante inerme”) were compared over 5 years (2002–2007) for crop yield, net energy yield and energy ratio. In a hilly interior area of Sicily (Italy), two different irrigation treatments (75 and 25% of ETm restoration) and two nitrogen fertilization levels (100 and 50 kg ha⁻¹) were evaluated in a split-plot experiment. In the fourth and fifth years of the field experiment (2005–2007) no fertilizer or irrigation was used.From crop establishment to the third year, above ground dry matter yield increased over all studied factors, in A. donax from 6.1 to 38.8 t ha⁻¹ and in M. x giganteus from 2.5 to 26.9 t ha⁻¹. Fifteen months after sowing, C. cardunculus yielded 24.7 t ha⁻¹ of d.m. decreasing to 8.0 t ha⁻¹ in the third year. In the fourth and fifth years, above ground dry matter yields of all crops decreased, but A. donax and M. x giganteus still maintained high productivity levels in both years. By contrast the yield of C. cardunculus yield fell to less than 1 t ha⁻¹ of d.m. by the fourth year.Energy inputs of A. donax and M. x giganteus were higher in the year of establishment than that of C. cardunculus (34 GJ ha⁻¹ for A. donax and M. x giganteus and 12 GJ ha⁻¹ for C. cardunculus), mainly due to irrigation.Net energy yield showed low or negative values in the establishment year in A. donax and M. x giganteus. In the second and third year, net energy yield of A. donax was exceptionally high (487.2 and 611.5 GJ ha⁻¹, respectively), whilst M x giganteus had lower values (232.2 and 425.9 GJ ha⁻¹, respectively). M x giganteus attained its highest net energy yield in the fourth year (447.2 GJ ha⁻¹). Net energy yield of C. cardunculus reflected energy output of the crop, being high in the first compared to subsequent years (364.7, 277.0 and 119.2 GJ ha⁻¹, respectively for the first, second and third years).A significant effect of the different irrigation treatments was noted on all the studied parameters in all species. Conversely, only A. donax was affected by nitrogen fertilization.     

云南尼泊尔桤木遗传多样性研究

分别在云南省来凤山、高黎贡山、鸡足山、苍山和无量山,采集58个尼泊尔桤木Alnus nepalensis叶样品,提取总DNA,对它们进行RAPD—PCR分析。3个随机引物其扫描到DNA位点85个,其中多态性位点64个,样品内的多态性为75．30％;用非加权组法（UPGMA）聚类分析,建立尼泊尔桤木分子聚类树状图,以相似系数0．68为标准分为6类;用POPGENE软件分析Nei’s遗传多样性指数和Shannon遗传多样性指数。结果表明：云南尼泊尔桤木遗传多样性丰富,其中,鸡足山尼泊尔桤木居群多样性指数最高,无量山居群中,分布在南坡的尼泊尔桤木多样性指数高于分布于北坡的样品。尼泊尔桤木的分布及遗传结构与环境区域有密切的关系,区域特点是决定尼泊尔桤木遗传多样性水平的重要因子之一。该结果对于研究尼泊尔桤木遗传多样性以及它与共生固氮弗兰克氏菌Frankia的协同进化有一定的利用价值。图2表2参25     

‘细叶’芒(Miscanthus sinensis’Variegatus’)四倍体诱导与表型分析

本研究以观赏植物二倍体‘细叶’芒的幼穗为外植体诱导出愈伤组织,采用秋水仙素诱导处理获得其同源四倍体,分别通过流式细胞仪检测和根尖细胞染色体计数鉴定再生植株的倍性。进一步对四倍体‘细叶’芒的叶片气孔特征和植株表型特征分析,结果表明,与其二倍体亲本相比,四倍体叶片下表皮的气孔密度显著降低而气孔大小明显增大,四倍体植株的株高、分蘖和冠幅显著降低,但是叶片宽度比二倍体植株明显增加,而四倍体茎粗和叶长跟二倍体植株无明显差异。该研究获得的‘细叶’芒同源四倍体可为观赏植物新品种的培育提供新种质资源。     

基于Maxent模型对尼泊尔芒适生区时空分布的预测

为预测不同时期气候情景下尼泊尔芒的适生区,探讨制约其适生区分布的主导气候因子,基于60条尼泊尔芒现代地理分布记录和9个生物气候变量,利用ENMeval数据包对Maxent模型进行了优化,并利用优化后的Maxent模型对末次冰盛期、全新世中期、现代(1970～2000年)和未来(2061～2080年)4个时期的尼泊尔芒适生区进行了模拟,综合使用贡献率、置换重要性和Jackknife检验对气候变量的重要性进行了评估。结果显示:最优模型设置参数为特征组合选取LQH,调控倍频设置为3,在该设置参数下模型的测试集受试者工作特征曲线下的面积为(0.963±0.028),模拟准确度极高;温度季节性标准差、最冷月最低温度、年温度变化范围和年降水量是影响尼泊尔芒分布的主导气候因子;尼泊尔芒的现代中、高适宜区大面积分布于中国的西藏东部、四川南部、贵州西部和云南大部分地区;末次冰盛期,其适生区面积最大,在东海和南海的沿海地区存在其他时期所没有的适生区;全新世中期,其适生区轮廓与现代适生区的相似;2070年,其适生区整体北移;从末次冰盛期到未来,尼泊尔芒的适生区可能会先后经历了向内收缩、基本稳定和整体北移3个过程。     

Vegetation development patterns on skislopes in lowland Hokkaido, northern Japan

The Japanese montane zones are usually covered with well-developed forests, and most ski resorts are constructed there. Therefore, the construction of skislopes requires the destruction of forest ecosystems. To detect vegetation development patterns on skislopes, I assessed vegetation on seven skislopes in the lowland of Hokkaido Island, Japan, using 155 2 m×2 m plots. The surrounding vegetation was mostly consisted of broad-leaved forests with a floor of dwarf bamboo, Sasa senanensis. The skislopes were established 5-28 years before the surveys by scraping off the topsoil and subsequent artificial seeding. The data of vegetation analyzed by TWINSPAN resulted in six different grassland types: (A) Miscanthus sinensis-Hypochaeris radicata, (B) introduced herbs with low richness, (C) introduced herbs, (D) Artemisia montana, (E) M. sinensis-Pueraria lobata-A. montana, and (F) Solidago gigantea var. leiophylla. H. radicata and S. gigantea var. leiophylla were alien species. Vegetation dominated by introduced grasses for erosion control, such as Dactylis glomerata and Poa pratensis, should be initial vegetation on the skislopes. Most tree pioneer species established in the vegetation type A, that was most natural vegetation in the skislopes. Type A seemed to proceed from types B and C, and species richness was the highest. Therefore, this type should be preferable for the management and restoration of skislope vegetation. Type D established on newer skislopes, while types E and F established on older skislopes. Results including detrended correspondence analysis suggested that those vegetation types D-F proceeded to distorted succession, i.e. biological invasion changed native successional sere. Based on these results, I recommended that the restriction of alien invasion and careful monitoring on M. sinensis grasslands are required to restore the natural vegetation.     

Turnover of organic matter in a Miscanthus field: effect of time in Miscanthus cultivation and inorganic nitrogen supply

To accurately predict the potential environmental benefits of energy crops, the sequestration of carbon in soil needs to be quantified. The aim of this study was to investigate the mineralisation rate of the perennial C₄ grass Miscanthus giganteus and Miscanthus-derived soil organic matter under contrasting nitrogen supply. Soils were collected from sites where Miscanthus had been grown for 11 and 18 years, respectively, and where a C₃-grass (Lolium spp.) had been grown for 7 years. The soils were incubated for 4 months at two levels of soil inorganic nitrogen with or without dead root material of Miscanthus.Addition of root material (residues) increased carbon mineralisation of indigenous organic matter when no nitrogen was added. Added inorganic nitrogen decreased carbon mineralisation in all soils. Nitrogen addition did not affect carbon mineralisation of the residues. Using the ¹³C fraction to calculate the proportion of respiratory CO₂ derived from Miscanthus showed that nitrogen addition decreased carbon mineralisation in soils, but it did not affect carbon mineralisation of the residues. Nitrogen mineralisation was highest in the C₃ grass soil without added residues. Nitrification decreased pH, especially in the treatments where nitrogen was added. The Miscanthus-derived organic matter is at least as stable as C₃ grassland-derived organic matter. Furthermore, the turnover time of the organic matter increases with time under Miscanthus cultivation.The CENTURY soil organic matter sub-model was used to simulate the organic matter decomposition in the experiment. Carbon mineralisation was accurately simulated but there were unexplained discrepancies in the simulation of the δ¹³C in the respiration from the treatment with residues. The δ¹³C in respiration did not decrease with time as predicted, indicating that lignin accumulation did not influence the measurements.     

芦毒蛾对荻的为害损失及防治指标研究

芦毒蛾是危害荻的主要害虫之一．１９９１和１９９３年在沅江市万子湖苇场进行罩笼接虫试验的结果表明，不同虫口密度对荻生长及产量有显著影响．根据产量损失率的测定，确定了芦毒蛾的经济受害允许损失水平为５．７５％；由此得出洞庭湖区第一代芦毒蛾的防治指标为：每株荻４．３头芦毒蛾幼虫．     

生物质炭对不同pH值土壤矿质氮含量的影响

为了揭示生物质炭作为土壤调理剂添加后对土壤矿质氮形态、含量等土壤性质的影响,该研究利用芒草分别在350和700℃裂解制得生物质炭,发现2个温度尤其是700℃制得的生物质炭,对NH4+有很强的吸附能力,但对NO3-的吸附能力很弱。将生物质炭分别加入到酸性(pH值为3.8)和碱性(pH值为7.6)土壤中,25℃下室内培养180d。结果表明,生物质炭提高了土壤全氮含量,酸性和碱性土壤分别平均提高了22%和17%;但使土壤铵态氮含量大幅降低至接近仪器检测限水平;生物质炭对土壤硝态氮含量的影响因生物质炭和土壤类型而异。生物质炭对土壤矿质氮形态和含量的影响,显然与生物质炭对铵的吸附作用、提高土壤pH值、增强氨挥发损失,以及形成微生物量氮等密切相关。该研究可为开展生物质炭基氮素新型肥料及制剂等方面的科学研究提供参考。